The comparison of solid-state battery technology routes primarily revolves around electrolyte materials, with the current mainstream being four categories: sulfides, oxides, polymers, and halides. Their core differences lie in conductivity, interface stability, cost, and mass production difficulty, which directly impact battery performance and commercialization progress.
|
Technology |
Featurs |
Deficiency |
Enterprises/Institutions |
Current commercialization stage |
|
Sulfides |
The ion conductivity is the highest, close to liquid electrolytes; The potential for maximum energy density; Good mechanical processing performance. |
Poor chemical stability (easy to react with water and oxygen); The difficulty of mass production is extremely high; The cost is relatively high. |
Toyota, CATL, LG New Energy, Guoxuan High Tech, Honeycomb Energy, GAC, BYD |
Leading, some enterprises have entered the stage of pilot or small-scale trial production. |
|
Oxide |
High stability and strong security; Long cycle life; The material system is relatively mature. |
High interface impedance, requiring high-temperature sintering; High cost; The conductivity is relatively low. |
Qingtao Energy, Weilan New Energy, Huineng Technology, Ganfeng Lithium, QuantumScape |
|
|
Polymer |
Simple process, flexible and easy to process; Low cost; Good safety. |
Poor low-temperature performance; Low energy density; The ion conductivity is relatively low. |
Tailan New Energy, Qingtao Energy, EVE Energy, Xinwangda, Bollore |
Partially applied in low-speed electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and other fields. |
|
halogenide |
Room temperature ion conductivity is relatively high; Electrochemical window width (compatible with high-voltage positive electrode); Low cost potential. |
Chemical stability still needs to be improved; Immature mass production process; The research on material systems is relatively new. |
Some research institutions and startups |
The early development/pilot stage is an emerging and important research direction. |
Additional Notes:
Semi-solid-state batteries: These are transitional forms with liquid/polymer electrolyte content ranging from 5% to 25%, not falling under the pure solid-state category in the table above, but have achieved preliminary commercial applications.
Mainstream Approach: The sulfide system is currently regarded as the dominant direction for commercialization due to its comprehensive performance advantages.
Core Challenges: All routes must address three major issues—unstable solid-solid interfaces, conductivity, and cost.